The Changing Chinese Sexual Climate Essay - 1650 Words

The Changing Chinese Sexual Climate (Essay Sample) Content: Asian Popular Culture: The Changing Chinese Sexual Climateby Students NameCourse NumberTutorCollege AffiliationDepartment June 2, 2014The Changing Chinese Sexual ClimateAsia is a vast continent comprising of many countries with diverse cultures. Asians share similar traditions with many other cultures, for instance men are usually designated as bread-earners while the women are supposed to be caretakers; Asians have also viewed femininity and virility in terms of the complementary but also hierarchical pair of positive and negative. As such, Men were strong and women weak, men smart and women unintelligent, the long history of Confucian teaching and regal endorsement in China reinforced the notion that women were inferior as compared to the male counterparts (Wasserstrom and Brownell, 2008). In matters relating to sexuality women were supposed to be modest and demure; that has gradually changed as women dauntlessly flout their beauty and sexual prowess. This research study will probe into the modern day Chinese culture giving special attention the changing Chinese sexual climate. For a long time, Chinese people have been professed as being prudish about sex, but this judgment is incongruous with the cultures rich textual history of erotica and pornography, which strictly remained at par with the administered sexual Puritanism of the Chinese Communist society.In the early twentieth century there was social revolution which advocated for free love; this revolution spawned radical masses who sought to establish sexual liberty. The people were nonetheless misinformed about sex since they were tethered to conservative domestic arrangements which were brokered by parents and lineage heads (Ruan,2006).Since the 1980s however, there has been a budding trend of self gratification and sexual exploration the post-revolutionary period has eliminated sexual repressiveness giving way to sexual license where young people freely express their affections publicl y, engage in pre-marital sex going as far as experimenting on same-sex alliances(Evans, 2007). Unfortunately, sex education in China lags disturbingly behind sexual awareness and the enormity of these cultural effects is so great as to make up an uprising in national mind-set.In the modern-day china, just like in the expansive stream of global media in which the country wades, sex has become a discrete and expanding currency. For instance, all of the countys urban centers have a new crop of massage parlors, singles bars, hostess bars, karaoke lounges business ventures instituted to pave for sex to thrive. Notably, in the exotic sites of tourism and in the nations autonomous regions, commercial sex is accessible and its availability unrestricted and polymorphous (Farquhar, 2010). As far as sex trade is concerned, money is the king while sex is its servant; this attitude is ironically bound up with local politics. In 1999 the Shenyang, Mu Suixin mayor cultivated institution of prostit ution as a job option in effort to combat the alarming unemployment trend, this trend was ironically embraced and contribute immensely towards the nations Gross Domestic Profit (OConnell, 2009). Through the Shenyangs sex trade, the mayor has been able to raise 30% tax through the innumerous places of entertainment; this mayor has inspired the other mayors in other regions to follow the suit. In some other hyper-urbanized areas of China like Guangzhou, Hong Kong sex is both unavoidable and profitable. There is a blossoming cultural insurrection of sexual commodities visible everywhere: pornographic books, audaciously displayed tattoos, supermodel contests, pin-up calendars, clinics for treating sexually transmitted diseases, prostitution, condom promotion, sex slavery and women going for surgery to enhance their breasts(Zha,2005). On the streetscape there is proliferation of visual images of scantily clad women and images of the body throughout the commercial blandishments of the modern day. There is notable growing character in the Chinas sexual climate: there are budding sex education programmes in schools, legal guarantees of reproductive freedom, to the scientific study of sexual relations, to the commercial pathology of sex work and, regrettably, the gruesome epidemiology of sexually transmitted disease. In the Haidian district of western Beijing, universities have access to sex education books while in the ,Jilin province in the provincial government enacted a law allowing that single women legal marriageable are at liberty to bear children. Since 1980s there was a pristine scientific quest for sexual knowledge and sexual practice that was concluded in the first national survey dabbed the Sex Civilization Survey (Wasserstrom and Brownell, 2008). Since that time, many seminars and conferences relating to sexuality and present-day sexual problems have been organized with the aim to explore the subject of sex and reproductive health; sex education is n o longer shunned but has gradually become professionalized. In that connection, there are numerous research centers relating to sex matters stationed at Beijing, Shanghai, Shaoguan and Shenzhen and china has a growing number of scientists pursuing degrees in sexology (Dutton, 2008). One of the renowned sexologists by the name Liu Dalin, shocked government officials in Shanghai in the year 2000 when he opened the first sex museum in China (Ruan,2006). The most prevalent and the commonly discussed trend in the Chinese changing sexual climate is the astounding growth in prostitution. Report spawned by the World Health Organization (WHO) China has the largest commercial sex workforce in the world; over ten million Chinese women are prostitutes (Blum and Jensen, 2008). In China, the availability of commercial sex is not merely urban related problem since its swift expansion cannot be explained as a sudden intensification of public desire. The mushrooming market for commercial is also no ticeable even in the perverse plurality of its offerings as evidenced by the numerous police records. There have been thousands of arrests related to children in sex trade, solicitations of underage sex unintentional sexual servitude, and kidnapping.In the year 2001, in the Yunnan province the government discovered a prostitution ring involving young girls as young as thirteen who had been introduced to sex trade by the older teenagers. When questioned, the girls admitted that they indulged in prostitution due to the glamour associated with the practice and the extravagant compensation, wealth and power they obtained from their clients (Farquhar, 2010). Looking at the Chinese economic figures its apparent that commercial sex work generates up 6 and 12 per cent of Chinas annual GDP (OConnell, 2009). According to Ruan (2006), a woman working an average barber shop solicitation post on daily basis is able to engage with one client every four days.In the recent years, there has been bu dding modernized escort services which have gradually become manifestations of sex work. Enterprising women can now find jobs as swim companions or theatre companions of this new-fangled pornography lite. In the large cities private agencies offer employment for $4070 a month for women willing to work as housekeepers, yet the women and girls who answer such advertisements are coerced into engaging in commercial sex trafficking(Zha,2005). In this light, the changing sex climate in china does not constitute individual empowerment. Rather, the Chinese sex industry can be recognized as a capitalist pathology resultant upon economic insufficiency and social jeopardy it can no longer be deemed as voluntary election (Ruan, 2006).For more than ten years, prostitution and sexual transhumance has been widespread in the sites of illegal transit of drugs and people, such as Ruili where women in their early teens from Burma and Nepal offer themselves for an entire days pleasure for just little remuneration. As such the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been rampant amongst the transit point traffickers; as these flesh conduits and truck stops there is a growing number of migrant sex workers. In modern China, sex and sexuality are boldly venerated, displayed in billboards, magazines and television. Sex stands at the edge of the Chinese social life since it cannot be easily spoken about, scholars in high schools and colleges have developed liberal sex attitude because the society in general seems to have embraced the changing times and the unimpeded sex desire amongst the Chinese populace. When UNESCO conducted a survey in the year 2000 in both Beijing and Shanghai it was discovered that 50 to 85 per cent of women interviewed had experienced premarital sexual intercourse (OConnell, 2009). In the rural China the sexual atmosphere is not as intensified as the urban set-up, this is ... The Changing Chinese Sexual Climate Essay - 1650 Words The Changing Chinese Sexual Climate (Essay Sample) Content: Asian Popular Culture: The Changing Chinese Sexual Climateby Students NameCourse NumberTutorCollege AffiliationDepartment June 2, 2014The Changing Chinese Sexual ClimateAsia is a vast continent comprising of many countries with diverse cultures. Asians share similar traditions with many other cultures, for instance men are usually designated as bread-earners while the women are supposed to be caretakers; Asians have also viewed femininity and virility in terms of the complementary but also hierarchical pair of positive and negative. As such, Men were strong and women weak, men smart and women unintelligent, the long history of Confucian teaching and regal endorsement in China reinforced the notion that women were inferior as compared to the male counterparts (Wasserstrom and Brownell, 2008). In matters relating to sexuality women were supposed to be modest and demure; that has gradually changed as women dauntlessly flout their beauty and sexual prowess. This research study will probe into the modern day Chinese culture giving special attention the changing Chinese sexual climate. For a long time, Chinese people have been professed as being prudish about sex, but this judgment is incongruous with the cultures rich textual history of erotica and pornography, which strictly remained at par with the administered sexual Puritanism of the Chinese Communist society.In the early twentieth century there was social revolution which advocated for free love; this revolution spawned radical masses who sought to establish sexual liberty. The people were nonetheless misinformed about sex since they were tethered to conservative domestic arrangements which were brokered by parents and lineage heads (Ruan,2006).Since the 1980s however, there has been a budding trend of self gratification and sexual exploration the post-revolutionary period has eliminated sexual repressiveness giving way to sexual license where young people freely express their affections publicl y, engage in pre-marital sex going as far as experimenting on same-sex alliances(Evans, 2007). Unfortunately, sex education in China lags disturbingly behind sexual awareness and the enormity of these cultural effects is so great as to make up an uprising in national mind-set.In the modern-day china, just like in the expansive stream of global media in which the country wades, sex has become a discrete and expanding currency. For instance, all of the countys urban centers have a new crop of massage parlors, singles bars, hostess bars, karaoke lounges business ventures instituted to pave for sex to thrive. Notably, in the exotic sites of tourism and in the nations autonomous regions, commercial sex is accessible and its availability unrestricted and polymorphous (Farquhar, 2010). As far as sex trade is concerned, money is the king while sex is its servant; this attitude is ironically bound up with local politics. In 1999 the Shenyang, Mu Suixin mayor cultivated institution of prostit ution as a job option in effort to combat the alarming unemployment trend, this trend was ironically embraced and contribute immensely towards the nations Gross Domestic Profit (OConnell, 2009). Through the Shenyangs sex trade, the mayor has been able to raise 30% tax through the innumerous places of entertainment; this mayor has inspired the other mayors in other regions to follow the suit. In some other hyper-urbanized areas of China like Guangzhou, Hong Kong sex is both unavoidable and profitable. There is a blossoming cultural insurrection of sexual commodities visible everywhere: pornographic books, audaciously displayed tattoos, supermodel contests, pin-up calendars, clinics for treating sexually transmitted diseases, prostitution, condom promotion, sex slavery and women going for surgery to enhance their breasts(Zha,2005). On the streetscape there is proliferation of visual images of scantily clad women and images of the body throughout the commercial blandishments of the modern day. There is notable growing character in the Chinas sexual climate: there are budding sex education programmes in schools, legal guarantees of reproductive freedom, to the scientific study of sexual relations, to the commercial pathology of sex work and, regrettably, the gruesome epidemiology of sexually transmitted disease. In the Haidian district of western Beijing, universities have access to sex education books while in the ,Jilin province in the provincial government enacted a law allowing that single women legal marriageable are at liberty to bear children. Since 1980s there was a pristine scientific quest for sexual knowledge and sexual practice that was concluded in the first national survey dabbed the Sex Civilization Survey (Wasserstrom and Brownell, 2008). Since that time, many seminars and conferences relating to sexuality and present-day sexual problems have been organized with the aim to explore the subject of sex and reproductive health; sex education is n o longer shunned but has gradually become professionalized. In that connection, there are numerous research centers relating to sex matters stationed at Beijing, Shanghai, Shaoguan and Shenzhen and china has a growing number of scientists pursuing degrees in sexology (Dutton, 2008). One of the renowned sexologists by the name Liu Dalin, shocked government officials in Shanghai in the year 2000 when he opened the first sex museum in China (Ruan,2006). The most prevalent and the commonly discussed trend in the Chinese changing sexual climate is the astounding growth in prostitution. Report spawned by the World Health Organization (WHO) China has the largest commercial sex workforce in the world; over ten million Chinese women are prostitutes (Blum and Jensen, 2008). In China, the availability of commercial sex is not merely urban related problem since its swift expansion cannot be explained as a sudden intensification of public desire. The mushrooming market for commercial is also no ticeable even in the perverse plurality of its offerings as evidenced by the numerous police records. There have been thousands of arrests related to children in sex trade, solicitations of underage sex unintentional sexual servitude, and kidnapping.In the year 2001, in the Yunnan province the government discovered a prostitution ring involving young girls as young as thirteen who had been introduced to sex trade by the older teenagers. When questioned, the girls admitted that they indulged in prostitution due to the glamour associated with the practice and the extravagant compensation, wealth and power they obtained from their clients (Farquhar, 2010). Looking at the Chinese economic figures its apparent that commercial sex work generates up 6 and 12 per cent of Chinas annual GDP (OConnell, 2009). According to Ruan (2006), a woman working an average barber shop solicitation post on daily basis is able to engage with one client every four days.In the recent years, there has been bu dding modernized escort services which have gradually become manifestations of sex work. Enterprising women can now find jobs as swim companions or theatre companions of this new-fangled pornography lite. In the large cities private agencies offer employment for $4070 a month for women willing to work as housekeepers, yet the women and girls who answer such advertisements are coerced into engaging in commercial sex trafficking(Zha,2005). In this light, the changing sex climate in china does not constitute individual empowerment. Rather, the Chinese sex industry can be recognized as a capitalist pathology resultant upon economic insufficiency and social jeopardy it can no longer be deemed as voluntary election (Ruan, 2006).For more than ten years, prostitution and sexual transhumance has been widespread in the sites of illegal transit of drugs and people, such as Ruili where women in their early teens from Burma and Nepal offer themselves for an entire days pleasure for just little remuneration. As such the HIV/AIDS pandemic has been rampant amongst the transit point traffickers; as these flesh conduits and truck stops there is a growing number of migrant sex workers. In modern China, sex and sexuality are boldly venerated, displayed in billboards, magazines and television. Sex stands at the edge of the Chinese social life since it cannot be easily spoken about, scholars in high schools and colleges have developed liberal sex attitude because the society in general seems to have embraced the changing times and the unimpeded sex desire amongst the Chinese populace. When UNESCO conducted a survey in the year 2000 in both Beijing and Shanghai it was discovered that 50 to 85 per cent of women interviewed had experienced premarital sexual intercourse (OConnell, 2009). In the rural China the sexual atmosphere is not as intensified as the urban set-up, this is ...

It Is, To The Most Average Person Of These Times, Revolting

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Technical Report on Victorian Desalination Plant †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Technical Report on Victorian Desalination Plant. Answer: Introduction: The Victorian Desalination Plant project is a government-funded project that was initiated in 2007 with the aim of providing a reliable water supply. In a single private partnership, the government offered the contract to AquaSure Company in 2009 to build, maintain, and finance the project for the next thirty years, which was fixed at $ 3.5 billion. It encompasses the construction of pipelines, water plants drainage, and maintenance among others. In the single private partnership, aquaSure is expected to play a more substantial role in managing, monitoring, and tracking of the project progress. In the definition of its role, includes maintaining best practices and standards across the operations, creating the best liaise with the surrounding community to ensure operation and maintenance of the water tunnels, ecological reserves and the pipelines accordingly. Fifty-two people run the project with the capacity of supplying up to 150 billion liters of good drinking water per year to the people living around the local regional community, including Melbourne and Geelong. The project is undertaken with an expectation of over 95 years lifespan. The water being processed at the project is subjected to real-time and online monitoring to ensure quality. Furthermore, laboratory tests are carried out both during water processing session and in the reservoir tank. The rules and regulations help to clearly appraise the procedural order in which the parties will operate and the alternative actions in case the agreed terms are not successfully achieved by either the contracting body or the contractor. Furthermore, it is also important in tracking the adherence of the contract to the standards and rules put forward by authorities. With the effort to ensure health enforcement and building standards, the building act 1993 may be applied. This fosters the enforcement of the construction regulations such as monitoring the health of the workforce involved in the construction of the water project. furthermore, the act may be applicable in granting the operational permit, warrantees and insurance, among others (Martin 2009, p.91). This is important in attaining the established construction standards in the water project. Taking a critical analysis of the possible diverse effect of land excavation and concrete construction, the Environmental protection act 1970 is a substantial tool for the enforcement of appropriate construction lines. As the pipelines are constructed, there must adequate survey conducted to ensure minimal destruction of vital resources that may cause more adverse effect to the environment if they are destroyed. Such resources may include forests, water bodies, and recreation centers among others. In ensuring privacy between the dealing parties, Privacy Act 1988 is applicable in the contract. The terms and condition under which the information will be shared is highlighted in this regulation. For example, no party is legible to sharing information of the contract for its independent benefit at the expense of the other. May be in form of reputation and company image to the general public (Goodman and Douglas 2017, p.350). Planning and environment act 1987 is an important act and can be used concurrently with the environmental protection act 1997. This all focus on the environmental sustenance and maintenance. As the water construction project is signed, the partnership contract has to adhere to the standard environmental laws. The Australian government takes initiative of ensuring environmental protection and management. Responsible authorities are subject to signing the contract before it kicks off. It therefore implies that the established laws will have to be followed (Cheung et al. 2012, p.45). The architect act 1991 may be applicable in the implementation of the project design. It must be based on a clear model, for example, Build-lease-transfer (BLT), build-own-operate (BOO), Build operate-transfer (BoT), among others. This clearly determines the phases in which the project will run. Either if the project will be handed over to the client after its complete of the private entity will continue with the operations (Martin, 2009, p.90). Critique of the type of contract that was used Public private partnership can basically be understood as a mutual contract understanding/ agreement built between a private sector entity and a public agency. The contract agreement grants the [private sector entity an upper hand in monitoring, financing, procurement, and delivery of the project requirements. It is important to note that in the contract agreement, the private entity takes significantly a greater role in the management and control of the project under execution (Cheung et al. 2009, p.83). For the last two decades, public private partnership has demonstrated a promising solution for filling up of the gaps that prevail in other forms of contracts. Taking a critical analysis and review of the public private partnership and innovation undertaken by many public agencies and Victorian Desalination Plant (VDP) in particular, there are several remedies, which among others include; Share of risks; as a result of collaboration between the government and the private entity, the impacts of the risks are minimized. This ensure quality assurance due to the fact that the client has the ability to monitor, track, supplement or complement on the progress of the project being undertaken. Some projects can tend to be too risky and costly for private entities to fully undertake. Other wise, if undertaken, the quality of the work done may be compromised. To help in solving scenarios of this kind, public private partnership serves to be the best and most appropriate for highly risky and costly projects (Jin, and Doloi, 2008, p.720). Improvement in the accountability of public entities. It is considerably true that government entities have always had problems of fund swindling, misappropriation and poor implementation effectiveness in planned programs. It is therefore more convenient to employ partnership in which case the, the private entity takes on the accountability (Nisar 2007, p.19). Though collaboration, an enhanced public management is attained as the public agencies may act as regulators who basically monitor the quality of work being undertaken. Rather than taking the responsibility of day today management, the public agency capitalizes on planning and performance monitoring. The method is also an appropriate way of increasing production scale (Regan et al. 2010, p.9). Resource pooling serves as a solution for addressing the problem of resource shortages. There tend to be cases of resource shortages in terms of expertise, finances, capital stock, and equipment among others. In some instances, projects may require a wide diversity of expertise and resources, which may necessarily be available to one firm. This makes the private public partnership the most recommendable (Garvin, M.J., 2009, p.409). Public private partnership also serves as a solution for addressing topics that require a multi-stakeholder/ neutral environment. For progress to be achieved on some issues there is need for creation of a neutral environment. Relative partnership between the private entity and the public agencies serves as the best solution in this case (Deva 2006, p.107). An incite can be drawn in the issues of the regulatory arena where the regulatory authorities have a substantial role to play and yet inputs from the industry is also required (Bailey et al. 2011) However, it is important to note that, even if the type of contract is good and recommendable, it also has its adverse effects and shortcomings. Among others, include; Time-lines and sustainability; in private public partnership, the private sectors usually receive funding for a period of three to five years. Victorian Desalination Plant (VDP) in particular received a particular sum of finances budgeted to achieve a particular goal within a given time schedule. The stipulated terms of contracts tends to be breached due to the time limitedness (Osei-Kyei, and Chan, 2015, p.1340). Difficulties in handling conglomerate leadership and project management. As the project is run in partnership, there is need to have extra ordinary competencies and skills to effectively integrate and coordinate the parties involved with the aim of capacity building. Challenges may emerge due to the fact that the level of competencies and expertise differ and this could lead to disagreement between the parties. Furthermore, there is a bureaucratic flow of information and decision-making becomes substantially hard and long. It is therefore not recommendable for projects that require execution in the shortest time (Ke et al. 2009, p.1010). The type of contract chosen does not give adequate room for performance measurement in relation to the roles played by each party in the achievement of the project goals and objectives. In other words, it is difficult to examine and evaluate the performance contributed by each entity. This type of contract also eliminates the role of small and medium sized enterprises. These types of contracts are meant only for large entities, consequently leading to the neglect of the upcoming firms. Furthermore, lager entities are highly mechanized hence offering less employment to the locals. In other words, public private partnership employ more of technological intensive method rather than labour intensive and in return, leads to technological unemployment (Hodge and Greve, 2007, p.550). Basing on the relevance and the shortcomings of the contract type, it a better strategy for achieving the best results in bigger, costly and risky projects. Given the long-term period for the project lifespan and the role it plays in providing a public service, it is unrealistic to fully contract a private firm. References Cheung, E., Chan, A.P. and Kajewski, S., 2009. Reasons for implementing public private partnership projects: perspectives from Hong Kong, Australian and British practitioners.Journal of Property Investment Finance,27(1), pp.81-95. Cheung, E., Chan, A.P. and Kajewski, S., 2012. Factors contributing to successful public private partnership projects: Comparing Hong Kong with Australia and the United Kingdom.Journal of Facilities Management,10(1), pp.45-58. Deva, S., 2006. Global Compact: A Critique of the UN's public-private partnership for promoting corporate citizenship.Syracuse J. Int'l L. Com.,34, p.107. Garvin, M.J., 2009. Enabling development of the transportation public-private partnership market in the United States.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,136(4), pp.402-411. Hodge, G.A. and Greve, C., 2007. Publicprivate partnerships: an international performance review.Public administration review,67(3), pp.545-558. Jin, X.H. and Doloi, H., 2008. Interpreting risk allocation mechanism in publicprivate partnership projects: an empirical study in a transaction cost economics perspective.Construction Management and Economics,26(7), pp.707-721. Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A.P. and Cheung, E., 2009. Research trend of public-private partnership in construction journals.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,135(10), pp.1076-1086. Martin, C.E., 2009. Sovereignty, Meet Globalization: Using Public-Private Partnerships to Promote the Rule of Law in a Complex World.Mil. L. Rev.,202, p.91. Nisar, T.M., 2007. Risk management in publicprivate partnership contracts.Public Organization Review,7(1), pp.1-19. Osei-Kyei, R. and Chan, A.P., 2015. Review of studies on the Critical Success Factors for PublicPrivate Partnership (PPP) projects from 1990 to 2013.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1335-1346. Regan, M., Smith, J. and Love, P.E., 2010. Impact of the capital market collapse on public-private partnership infrastructure projects.Journal of construction engineering and management,137(1), pp.6-16. Bailey, I.H., Bell, M. and Bell, C., 2011.Construction law in Australia. Lawbook Company. Goodman, R. and Douglas, K., 2017. Dealing with Conflict in Local Planning: Reflections from Australian Planners.Planning Practice Research,32(4), pp.345-360.